Bid-Rent Theory - The amount of money different land users are prepared to pay for locations at various distances from the city center. The closer to the city center, the higher the cost of land. Click for the bid-rent curve. Boomburbs - is a rapidly growing, sprawling city of 100,000 or more on the edge of a major metropolitan area. A boomburb has the look and feel of a big city but generally lacks a large, vibrant downtown. Some become larger than the cities they are "satellites" of . LINK Brown Fields - a former industrial or commercial site where future use is affected by real or perceived environmental contamination. Built Landscape - a landscape designed and created intentionally by man" an "organically evolvedlandscape. Census Tract - an area delineated by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for which statistics are published: in urbanized areas, census tracts correspond roughly to neighborhoods. Central Business District (CBD) - a concentration of business and commerce in the city's downtown. The American CBD typically has high land values, tall buildings, busy traffic, converging highways and mass transit systems. Central Place - any point or place in the urban hierarchy such as a town or city, having a certain economic reach or hinterland. Central Place Theory - Walter Christaller created this to explain where cities, towns and villages are likely to be located. He ranked settlements from smallest to largest as: hamlets, villages, towns and cities; and his assumptions, including the idea that population and purchasing power would be evenly distributed limit the theory's usefulness. He created an interlocking model of hexagon-shaped trade areas which suggest the urban hierarchy. Cities have the largest trade areas and offer both high and low order central place functions to their populations; hamlet's offer only the lowest order c.p. functions to their residents. Colonial City - a city founded by colonial powers, mostly in Latin America, Southeast Asia, India & Africa. Commuter Zone - wherever people who live outside the city drive into it for work (Cincinnati's commuter zone stretches from Lebanon, Ohio south to Crittenden, KY) Concentric Zone Model - resulted from sociologist Ernest Burgess's model of a city divided into five concentric zones, defined by their function and the social status of residents. See page 295 for detailed descriptions of each zone. Conurbation: A megalopolis or a continuous, extended urban area formed by the growing together of several formerly separate, expanding cities and their suburbs with little or no rural land in between. Counterurbanization - moving from the city to the countryside in hopes of a better lifestyle (may still commute, but may not), trend in MDC's. Disamenity Sectors (or zones) - the very poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases are not even connected to city services (amenities) and are controlled by gangs and drugs (Favellas in Rio). Duck - a building whose form reflects its function. Best exmaple - Boobietrap.(Fake or Florida? --- Florida!) Just for fun! Economic Base - the idea of "Basic" activities (those that bring wealth from outside the city/region) and "Nonbasic" activities (recirculating the same money). "Proctor & Gamble is an essential part of Cincinnati's economic base." The main business or industry that supports and sustains the city. Edge City - introduced by Joel Garner to describe how urbanization is shifting the population from the CBD to the suburbs (in Cincinnati - Mason or Hebron, KY come closest to meeting the definition). It is a concentration of business, residences, shopping and entertainment outside the traditional downtown. To qualify it should have more jobs than bedrooms, so Mason & Hebron are not quite there yet. Entrepôt - is a port, city or trading post where merchandise may be imported, stored and/or traded, typically to be exported again. In the days of wind-powered sailing, such centers had a critical role. In modern times customs areas have largely made such entrepôts obsolete, but the term is still used to refer to duty-free ports with a high volume of re-export trade. Exurbs - a rural space that is far enough from the city that it lacks the kinds of amenities typically offered in the city. LINK Favela - Brazilian term for Shantytowns (as they exist in Rio and Sao Paulo) First Urban Revolution - the innovation of the city occurred and it happened independently in five separate hearths as an independent invention where something triggered the establishment of a leadership class and an agricultural surplus. Forward Capital- When a country moves its capital city into a frontier region, usually for one of the following reasons: to spur economic growth in a sparsely populated area, to satisfy a political/diplomatic purpose because a particular ethnic group identifies strongly with the capital city which causes strife (new city is seen as neutral) or to populate the interior of a country (Brazil) because the population is too concentrated in one region. Functional Zonation - each model of the city is a study of the way cities are divided into certain zones used for certain purposes (functions). They have residential zones which are separate from industrial zones which are separate from garbage dumps. Geographers draw models by examining where the zones are with respect to one another. Gated Communities - fenced-in neighborhoods with controlled access gates for people and automobiles. They often have security cameras and private police and are becoming more common across the globe. Gateway City: Cities that serve as the entry point (to a country or region) for goods, services and people. They are the primary arrival point and usually found on coasts (New York, Los Angeles, San Francisco) Gentrification - a process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income, renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class, owner-occupied area. Greenbelt- a ring of land maintained as parks, agriculture, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area (common in Europe). Density will remain higher inside the city when sprawl is not allowed to continue indefinitely. Hermit Crabs - businesses that occupy space tailored for a previous owner (a Chinese restaraunt in a building that was obviously formerly a Pizza Hut). Just for fun! Hinterland - adjacent region to the city that still feels its influence (example: Newport, Kenwood), related to trade area or market area of a city Hoyt's Sector Model - answered the limitations of the zone model. He focused on residential patterns explaining where the wealthy in a city chose to live and argued that the city grows directionally outward from the center, but not in perfect rings. A sector could extend far in one direction, more like a wedge of pie. LINK to details. LULU- locally unwanted land use. Disamenities that are deemed undesireable for proximity to a residential area. (power plants, dumps, prisons, roads, factories, mines and hospitals) "As a city planner, if you propose a LULU you might experience NIMBY." Megacity - a Metropolitan area whose population and density exceeds 10 million and 2,000 people per sq. mile. Top five now are Tokyo, Guangzhou, Seoul, Jakarta and Shanghai. a Metacity has over 20 million (like Tokyo). Megalopolis - A continuous, extended urban area formed by the growing together of several, formerly separate, expanding cities and their suburbs. Also known as a conurbation. There is little-to-know rural land left in between. (BOSNYWASH) Know examples in the USA and Japan. Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) - In the United States, a central city of at least 50,000 population, the county within which the city is located, and adjacent counties meeting one of several tests indicating a functional connection to the central city (# of commuters, for example). Mixed Use - buildings with more than one function (office, retail, residential) allowing closer proximity to needed services for residents. Mixed-use zoning improves walk ability making it a smart-growth strategy that also helps to limit sprawl because it increases density of housing (more vertical land use = less horizontal growth). New Urbanism- an attempt to counter sprawl; new urbanists promote urban revitalization and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs as well as regional planning for open or greenspace, appropriate architecture and planning and the balanced development of jobs and housing. NIMBY - "not in my backyard" describes opposition by residents to a proposal for new development close to them. This is most often to something like a chemical plant, a mine or a landfill, but can sometimes be against a new highway (Newtown, Eastern Corridor) or other infrastructure that brings the potential for rapid change. Planned Communities - communities, usually residential, that are entirely planned out before building begins. They are often difficult to get into and you sometimes need to know someone. (Mariemont, OH, Seaside, FL, Celebration, FL, The Villages, FL, The Woodlands, TX (Houston) and Brasilia, Brazil) Postindustrial City - city whose economy and urban organization are conforming to the dominance of service-sector, nonindustrial economic functions. Primate cities - A city that is 2X as large as the next biggest city in a country (example - London (Birmingham) None in the United States. In LDC's many former colonial capitals are Primate cities. These are often centers of government, commerce and culture. Public Housing - Housing owned by the government; in the U.S. it is rented to residents with low incomes, and the rents are set at 30% of the families' incomes. Range - the maximum distance people are willing to travel to purchase a good or access a service. Rank-size Rule: holds that in an ideal (or model) urban hierarchy, the population of a city or town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy. For example, if the largest city has 12 million people, the second largest will have about 6 million (1/2) and the third will have 4 million (1/3). So n= the population ranking and the ratio will be 1/n. This leads to evenly spaced cities which provides services for the population in a somewhat uniform way. When there is a primate city the rank-size rule does not hold. This means there may be significant portions of the population of a country who have to travel a long way for access to even lower-order central place functions. The rank-size rule is suggested by Christaller's idea of the urban hierarchy. Second Urban Revolution- last decades of the 18th century, coincided with the industrial revolution and thousands migrated to cities which had exploding populations. Slow Growth policies- slowing the growth of a city is a way to limit the problems associated with growth and improve sustainability. Examples? Sprawl- development of new housing sites at a relatively low density and at locations that are not contiguous to the existing built-up area. Squatter Settlement - an area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures. Many of these are also shantytowns, or collections of makeshift shelters built of scrap metal and lumber. Suburb - an outlying, functionally uniform part of an urban area which is often adjacent to the central city. Most are residential but there are increasingly other land uses such as shopping centers and malls and office parks. Suburbanization - the process by which lands that were previously outside the urban environment become urbanized as people and businesses from the central city move into these areas. Sustainable Design- in urban areas these include walkable, mixed-use commercial and residential areas as well as smart-growth, slow-growth policies, new urbanism and greenbelts. Teardowns - suburban gentrification where buyers purchase a house with the intention of tearing it down and building a much larger home. The new homes are sometimes McMansions or "super-sized" homes which are often unoriginal and frequently take up the entire lot they are sitting on. Just for fun! Tenement - a building in which several families rent small rooms or apartments with little sanitation or safety. Found in the inner-city in the United States. Third Urban Revolution - the rapid urbanization of the late 20th Century. Somewhere between 2008-2010 half the world's population was living in cities. The rapid growth has led to squatter settlements (many shantytowns) and other such slum areas in large megacities in LDC's. Threshold- From a business' or service-provider's perspective, the minimum population needed to justify the provision of a certain good or service. This may be expressed crudely, in population numbers, example - 15,000 for a post office. Trade Area - every city and town has an adjacent region within which its influence is dominant. In a city's trade area its newspapers are read, television stations are watched, and people travel there for its high order central place functions. Another name for this is "hinterland." Urban Heat Island- In large cities, expanses of paved surfaces absorb heat during the day and give off heat at night. Temperatures in cities are usually 3-5 degrees hotter than surrounding countryside. Urban Hierarchy - a ranking of settlements according to their size and economic functions. Related to central-place theory. Urban Morphology- the layout of the city, its physical form and structure. Urban Renewal - program in which cities identify blighted inner-city neighborhoods, acquire the properties from private owners, relocate the residents and businesses, clear the site and build new roads and utilities and then turn the land over to private developers. Urban Realms Model - a spatial generalization of the large, late 20th century city in the U.S. It is shown to be a widely dispersed, multi-centered metropolis consisting of increasingly independent zones or realms, each focused on its own suburban downtown. The only exception is a shrunken, sometimes struggling central realm which is focused on the CBD. World cities - cities that function at the global scale as centers of power and influence in the global economy. They supply producer services for the global economy. They are at the top of the global urban hierarchy (top 3 are London, New York and Tokyo). Zoning- Legally dividing an area into sections reserved for different purposes such as residential, commercial and industrial. Only certain specific land uses are allowed in each section. Zoning for homogenous land uses creates sprawl and car-dependency because residential and commercial zones are separated. Models in this unit: John Borchert's Epochs, Christaller's Central Place Theory, Burgesses Concentric Zone; Gravity Model; Hoyt's Sector; Harris & Ullman's Mutiple Nuclei; Galactic City (Peripheral) and The Models of - Latin American (Griffin-Ford), SE Asian Cities, sub-Saharan African city model. Use this MODELS PACKET for help, and the textbook for any not included in the packet.